I have written previously about Australia’s cane toad problem (here and here). In 1935, cane toads were brought in to control a pest that was feeding on sugar cane in northeastern Queensland. They ended up being ineffective at controlling the pest, and because they have few natural predators there, Australia was ineffective at controlling them. They have been spreading out across Australia since 1935, and there is no end in sight to their population’s expansion.
As I have discussed previously, cane toads have already affected wildlife in the areas where they have become established. Because they are large (for toads) and the adults are poisonous to snakes, for example, the average head size of a snake has decreased in those areas with a significant cane toad population. After all, the snakes that have large enough heads to eat the adult toads die. As a result, snakes that can’t eat them (snakes with smaller heads) are significantly more likely to survive. They survive because they cannot eat what would kill them!
But there is another way to survive in the presence of cane toads: figure out a way to eat them without being poisoned. Based on the results of a recent study, it seems that one clever Australian predator has learned to do just that. The authors of the study were intrigued when they started finding cane toad bodies that had what appeared to be surgically-precise incisions on their bodies. They eventually set up some infrared cameras and found that golden-bellied water rats were the ones making the incisions.
It turns out that only the skin and certain organs (like the bile duct) in the frog are poisonous. If a predator can avoid those structures, it can eat the toads without being harmed, and apparently, the water rats have figured that out. The researchers found that the heart and liver had been removed in each dead cane toad, presumably eaten by the rats. In the largest toads, the skin of the legs was also peeled back and the leg muscles were eaten. The authors say that all of this was done with a high level of precision.
The question, of course, is how the rats figured this out. The researchers are not sure. They know that water rats feed on other toad species as well as the younger cane toads that aren’t as poisonous, and it may be that in this area, that’s the way rats eat all the toads they kill. It’s also possible that some rats just stumbled onto this technique and passed it on to their offspring. As the authors note, water rats care for their offspring for weeks after they have been weaned, so it would be easy for the young rats to learn how their parents are eating the toads. The researchers note that for now, this feeding technique is limited to the water rats in certain areas, but they suggest that it might spread as time goes on.
Add the Australian water rat to the ever-growing list of surprisingly clever animals (see here, here, and here.)
Fascinating! I’ve always wondered if this type of communication with the environment is going on at a cellular level and eventually makes its way to the conscious brain. How could a rat learn to do this? It must be promoted by some inherent information gathered by it’s most base constituents – it’s cells.
“Many explanations have been given of how Evolution has worked. The Ancients ascribed it to some inherent power in living things which they called ‘ entelechy,’ i.e. the power to realize an end.” – Hillaire Belloc 1926
Yes, it is fascinating. I like the quote from Belloc, because it is so different from the nonsensical view that evolution is based on random processes. The more I study nature, the more I see organisms responding to their environment in designed ways. Even bacteria experience directed mutations to adapt rather than random mutations.
Hello Dr. Wile!
It’s been a while since I commented on a post. It is fascinating how animals learn things. Once when I was camping with my Girl Scout troop here in Central Florida the park ranger told us to be sure to zip our tents from the bottom toward the top and not the other way around because they had seen momma raccoons showing the young how to unzip a tent to get inside for the goodies. They would unzip and zip the zipper several times and then let them try. I thought this was an exaggeration to make sure the girls didn’t keep food in the tents, but when I took the ranger aside she said it was true, not just a story. So we followed her advice.
On a different subject, I wanted to let you know about an earlier post that has been closed to comments. In the post about the Israeli scientist who had his article removed from Forbes. I remember clicking on that article and my dismay that it had been removed. I was hoping to find the article elsewhere. I clicked the link in your post and that blog has been removed by the host service. So apparently Blogger is also against scientific inquiry.
Thanks, Cindy. Here is another copy of the article:
https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/spiked-at-forbes-global-warming-an-israeli-astrophysicist-provides-alternative-view-that-is-not-easy-to-reject